Which channel of an autopilot detects changes in the pitch attitude of an aircraft?

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Changes in pitch attitude are handled by the elevator. The elevator is the tail surface that moves to push the nose up or down, creating the pitch moment the autopilot uses to correct attitude. The other surfaces control different axes: ailerons manage roll, rudder handles yaw, and a trim tab is mainly for maintaining a steady attitude with less ongoing control input. So for detecting and correcting pitch errors, the elevator channel is the one at work.